Orans-Deobanis are community-conserved areas in Rajasthan, India. The term derives from the Sanskrit word Aranya, meaning undisturbed forest. Ecologically, Orans are unique landforms supporting a wide variety of native wildlife and plant species, functioning as silvi-pastoral systems and grazing grounds for both wildlife and livestock. The Orans are crucial for preserving biodiversity, promoting sustainable water management, and supporting community-driven ecological regeneration. The size of an Oran can range from a few hectares to several hundred, such as the Bhadaria Rai Mata Oran in Jaisalmer district, which covers 17,821 hectares, whereas Viratra Mata Oran in Dhok, Barmer district, spans an area of 3,640 hectares. Traditional water bodies within Orans, including Johad/Talab (pond), Nadi (small pond), Beris, open wells, and streams, provide essential water resources for both wildlife and livestock. Notably, Orans in Jaisalmer district also have significant historical importance, with ancient Goverdhan/Shilalekh (petroglyphs) near water structures, adding cultural and archaeological value to these sacred spaces.
Orans-Deobanis are centers of socio-religious activities for local communities, typically featuring temples or shrines dedicated to local deities, community heroes, saints, etc. Annual festivals and fairs are held to honor these sacred spaces, often on specific dates. In some Orans, community members observe the tradition of performing Parikrama (circumambulation) around the grove. These events serve not only religious purposes but also provide opportunities to pass down Oran traditions and cultural practices to younger generations. Communities follow long-established norms set by elders, such as the prohibition of cutting green trees within the Orans. It is widely believed that the local deity associated with the Oran administers Paracha (punishment) to those who violate these sacred rules.
For local communities, Orans-Deobanis are a vital life-support system, sustaining them for centuries. These sacred sites provide essential grazing grounds for livestock, central to the local economy. Communities also rely on Orans for various non-timber forest products (NTFPs), including food, fodder, fiber, medicinal plants, gums and resins, honey, fuel, and construction materials. The plant resources within the Orans are crucial for both wildlife and livestock. The shrubs and trees within the Orans offer shelter, protecting and providing refuge to various faunal and floral species. Many plant species, including tree, shrub, and grass species, serve as nesting sites, contributing to safe breeding grounds. Additionally, certain shrubs and trees host beehives, enhancing biodiversity and supporting pollination for nearby agricultural fields.
Beyond their ecological value, Orans hold deep spiritual and cultural significance, promoting the mental and physical well-being of local communities. They also act as a buffer against extreme climatic conditions, helping mitigate the impacts of climate change in the region.
Orans are currently threatened by several factors, including the erosion of socio-cultural norms, encroachment for settlement and agriculture, and issues with the status of Oran land in revenue records. Additionally, excessive grazing and browsing pressure, along with the spread of invasive species like Prosopis juliflora and the recently proliferating Sonamukhi (Cassia angustifolia), are further degrading these sacred sites. One notable impact is the significant degradation of the understorey perennial grass cover due to intense grazing pressure in the Orans.
Orans-Deobanis are rich in floral and faunal diversity. They provide critical habitat for several wildlife species, including the critically endangered Great Indian Bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps) and threatened plant species like Gugal (Commiphora wightii). Some Orans still support populations of key tree and shrub species, making them important sites for the in-situ conservation of genetic resources. Documenting the indigenous knowledge of herders who manage animal grazing in these areas is essential, as they possess valuable insights into the historical and current biodiversity of the Orans and the resources available for livestock grazing.
Protecting Orans will not only help manage ecosystems but also enhance tourism potential and create employment opportunities, supporting local communities' livelihoods. Safeguarding these areas protects the rights of local communities and strengthens conservation efforts. Furthermore, conserving Orans-Deobanis supports India’s 30x30 target by bringing these areas into Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs), contributing to broader environmental goals.